In Silico Analysis of Genes Associated with the Pathogenesis of Odontogenic Keratocyst.

Odontogenic keratocyst (OK) is a benign intraosseous cystic lesion characterized by a parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelial lining with palisade basal cells. It represents 10-12% of odontogenic cysts. The changes in its classification as a tumor or cyst have increased interest in its pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE: Identify key genes in the pathogenesis of sporadic OK through in silico analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The GSE38494 technical sheet on OK was analyzed using GEOR2. Their functional and canonical signaling pathways were enriched in the NIH-DAVID bioinformatic platform. The protein-protein interaction network was constructed by STRING and analyzed with Cytoscape-MCODE software v 3.8.2 (score > 4). Post-enrichment analysis was performed by Cytoscape-ClueGO. RESULTS: A total of 768 differentially expressed genes (DEG) with a fold change (FC) greater than 2 and 469 DEG with an FC less than 2 were identified. In the post-enrichment analysis of upregulated genes, significance was observed in criteria related to the organization of the extracellular matrix, collagen fibers, and endodermal differentiation, while the downregulated genes were related to defensive response mechanisms against viruses and interferon-gamma activation. CONCLUSIONS: Our in silico analysis showed a significant relationship with mechanisms of extracellular matrix organization, interferon-gamma activation, and response to viral infections, which must be validated through molecular assays.

The Protective Role of Cranberries and Blueberries in Oral Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Oral cancer has a high prevalence worldwide, and this disease is caused by genetic, immunological, and environmental factors. The main risk factors associated with oral cancer are smoking and alcohol. RESULTS: There are various strategies to reduce risk factors, including prevention programs as well as the consumption of an adequate diet that includes phytochemical compounds derived from cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon A.) and blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.); these compounds exhibit antitumor properties. RESULTS: The main outcome of this review is as follows: the properties of phytochemicals derived from cranberries were evaluated for protection against risk factors associated with oral cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The secondary metabolites of cranberries promote biological effects that provide protection against smoking and alcoholism. An alternative for the prevention of oral cancer can be the consumption of these cranberries and blueberries.

Neuroticism and Psychological Stress in Patients Suffering Oral Lichen Planus: Research Evidence of Psycho-Stomatology?

Psychosocial factors influence the development, exacerbation, or aggravation of some oral diseases. However, the possible relationship between personality traits, affective disorders, and psychological stress in oral diseases, and their impact on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL), has not been fully clarified. The aim of the present study was to determine the association of neuroticism and stress with the presence of oral lichen planus (OLP), and to discover whether or not these factors impact OHRQoL. This is a case-control study matched for age and sex. The case group (OLP group) was composed of 20 patients diagnosed with OLP, while 20 people with a diagnosis of lesions not associated with stress formed the control group. Three instruments were used: the Holmes-Rahe Social Readjustment Scale, the Five Factor Personality Model, and the OHIP-49. Neuroticism obtained a score of 25.5 (±5.4) in the OLP group, which was higher than the control group value (21.7) (±5.1) (p = 0.03). The OLP group showed a worse quality of life (p < 0.05); the most affected dimensions were psychological discomfort and physical disability. It is important to include a psychological profile to establish a comprehensive treatment for these patients. We propose the recognition of a new area of clinical oral medicine: psycho-stomatology.

The Effects of COVID-19 on Healthcare Workers and Non-Healthcare Workers in Mexico: 14 Months into the Pandemic.

Background and Objectives: Healthcare workers (HCWs) play important roles in mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic and are more likely to become infected with COVID-19. Mexico, among other countries, had a high incidence and prevalence of cases and deaths from this disease. Material and Methods: This retrospective study evaluated the clinical characteristics as well as the geographical distribution of cases, deaths, and active cases of COVID-19 in HCWs and non-HCWs using official information from the Ministry of Health of Mexico. Results: A total of 235,343 cases of COVID-19 were reported in healthcare workers, and 2,094,191 cases were reported in non-healthcare workers. A total of 76.0% of cases in healthcare workers occurred in those who were between 25 and 50 years of age, and 71.4% of deaths occurred in those who were 50 to 69 years of age. Among healthcare workers, the most frequent comorbidities were obesity (15.2%), hypertension (10.9%), and diabetes (6.8%). Nurses were the group with the most cases (39.7%), followed by other healthcare workers (30.6%), physicians (26%), and dentists (1.6%). Physicians were the group with the most deaths (46%), followed by other professionals (30%), nurses (19%), and dentists (3%). Conclusion: These findings are likely the result of healthcare workers in Mexico being at a greater risk of exposure to SARS-CoV-2.

Validation of an instrument to determine oral health knowledge, attitudes, and practices during pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Oral health of the mother-infant dyad is important to preserve general health. However, there are few instruments in Spanish for the evaluation of knowledge, attitudes and practices that determine this construct. Therefore, this research aimed to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Maternal Oral Health Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Questionnaire (CAPSOM in Spanish). METHODS: In this instrument development study that carried out in 2018-2019, involving pregnant women between the ages of 18 and 45 in the city of Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico. The sample size was calculated based on 10 women per questionnaire item (n = 10 k). The study used Cronbach's alpha, the modified Lawshe test of validity criteria, factor analysis, and the level of difficulty and discrimination of the items. RESULTS: 207 women took part with their signed, informed consent (25 ± 6 years). The internal consistency of the instrument, both total and by dimension was α = 0.70, α = 0.66 knowledge, α = 0.74 attitudes, and α = 0.66 practices. Values of Content Validity Ratio' ≥ 0.60 were obtained for the final 10 items and Content Validity Index' = 0.90. The average difficulty index of items was 0.40, and there were significant differences (Kruskall-Wallis, p < 0.001) in the discrimination test. Factor analysis demonstrated three main components. CONCLUSIONS: A valid and reliable 10-item Spanish questionnaire was designed to measure pregnant women's oral health knowledge, attitudes, and practices.

Non-neoplasic and non-syndromic palatal perforations. Presentation of 5 cases and systematic review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Palatal perforations not associated with syndromes or neoplasms are rare lesions whose frequency has increased recently. However, their clinical and demographic characteristics have not been fully described. Therefore, this report aimed to establish the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with non-syndromic and non-neoplastic palatal perforations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The file of an oral medicine teaching clinic from January 2004 to December 2018 was reviewed to identify and isolate all cases with a diagnosis of palatal perforation. Cases with a diagnosis of palatal perforation related to congenital alteration, syndrome, or neoplasia were excluded. Age, sex, medical history, and diagnosis were obtained from the clinical history. In addition, a systematic review of the literature was performed using a PICO strategy. MEDLINE electronic databases from January 1990 to December 2018 were systematically reviewed using the combination of keywords with Boolean terms "OR" (palatal perforation, destruction of the palate) and "AND" (drugs, cocaine, mycosis, syphilis, mucormycosis, tuberculosis, trauma). The PRISMA guide was used to identify the different results of the literature search and article selection process. Case reports and case series were included. RESULTS: Five cases of non-syndromic, non-neoplastic palatal perforations were identified. All cases were male with a mean age of 42 years. Two cases were related to cocaine use, 2 cases were caused by mucormycosis, and one case by trauma. As for the systematic literature review, 51 non-neoplastic and non-syndromic cases were collected. The cases showed a male predominance, with a mean age of 41 years. The most frequent etiology was chronic cocaine use followed by mucormycosis. CONCLUSIONS: Since cocaine use and type II Diabetes Mellitus, risk factors related to non-syndromic and non-neoplastic palatal perforations, have shown a worldwide increase, the clinician should be alert to make an early diagnosis and initiate appropriate treatment. Key words:Palatal perforation, cocaine-induced, mucormycosis, mycotic infection, drug users.

Necrotizing sialometaplasia of the tonsillar pillar. An unusual case.

Necrotizing Sialometaplasia (NS) is a rare, benign, self-limited, inflammatory and necrotizing reaction of the salivary glandular tissue. Due to the clinical picture (a painful ulcer with well-defined edges), and histopathological characteristics (nuclear and cellular pleomorphism of ductal cells) NS can mimic a malignant lesion. The correct diagnosis is important because NS shows a spontaneous resolution and therefore no further treatment is needed. We report a very unusual case of spontaneous and recurrent NS located on the anterior tonsillar pillar in a 43-year old man, which clinically mimics a malignant lesion. The clinician should be aware to include NS in the differential diagnosis of ulcers in soft palate and tonsillar pillars. Key words:Minor salivary gland, necrotizing sialometaplasia, oral ulcer, squamous cell carcinoma, tonsillar pillar.

Differences by Resistotyping Between C. albicans Strains Isolated from the Oral Cavity of HIV+ and Seronegative Patients / Diferencias por resistotipificación entre cepas de C. albicans aisladas de la cavidad oral de pacientes VIH+ y seronegativos

Abstract Candida albicans is the etiological agent most frequently associated with oral candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) carriers. Strain typification is important to disease epidemiology, particularly with simple, low-cost methodologies such as resistotyping. The present study was designed to use resistotyping to identify possible phenotypic differences between C. albicans strains isolated from the oral cavity of HIV+ and HIV-seronegative patients. Analyses were run using resistotyping (boric acid, cetrimide, sodium periodate, sodium selenite and silver nitrate) to identify phenotypical differences between C. albicans. Descriptive statistics was performed. Of the 149 clones isolated from HIV+ patients the most frequent (47.0%) resistotype was ABCDE. The most frequent resistotype (64.8%) in the 74 clones from HIV-seronegative patients was --CDE. Phenotypic differences were identified between the strains isolated from each group. HIV+ patients exhibited greater strain diversity. Although it has limitations, resistotyping effectively identified differences between C. albicans strains.

Resumen Candida albicans es el agente etiológico más frecuentemente asociado con la candidiasis oral en portadores del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). La tipificación de la cepas es importante para conocer la epidemiología de la enfermedad, particularmente con metodologías simples y de bajo costo, como la resistotipificación. El presente estudio fue diseñado para identificar posibles diferencias fenotípicas por el método de resistotipificación entre cepas de C. albicans aisladas de la cavidad oral de pacientes VIH+ y seronegativos. Se realizó estadística descriptiva. Los análisis se realizaron utilizando resistotipificación (ácido bórico, cetrimida, peryodato de sodio, selenito de sodio y nitrato de plata) para identificar diferencias fenotípicas entre C. albicans. De las 149 clonas aisladas de pacientes VIH+, el resistotipo más frecuente (47.0%) fue ABCDE. El resistotipo más frecuente (64.8%) en las 74 clonas de pacientes seronegativos al VIH fue --CDE. Se identificaron diferencias fenotípicas entre las cepas aisladas de cada grupo. Los pacientes VIH + exhibieron una mayor diversidad de cepas. Aunque tiene limitaciones, la resistotipificación identificó de manera efectiva las diferencias entre las cepas de C. albicans.

Prevalence and distribution of odontogenic cysts in a Mexican sample. A 753 cases study.

BACKGROUND: Odontogenic cysts (OC) are the most frequent lesions of the jaws and their constant epidemiological update is necessary and indispensable. Therefore the principal objective of this report was To determine prevalence and clinical-demographical characteristics of OC in a Mexican sample. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 753 cases of OC coming from the archive of a head and neck histopathological teaching service, from January 2000 to December 2013, were included. OC cases were re-assessed according 2005 WHO classification. Chi square test was used to establish possible associations (p<0.05IC95%). RESULTS: From 753 OC, 369 were female and 384 male; 52.9% of them were in their 2nd- 4th decade of life. The most common location (41%) was the mandibular posterior area. Radicular cysts were more frequent in maxillary anterior zone of females (p 0.0002) at their fourth decade of life. Dentigerous cysts were more frequent in the mandibular posterior zone of males (p 0.0000) in their second decade of life. Six cases of periodontal lateral cyst; 4 cases of paradental cysts; 4 eruption cysts and 4 cases of adult gingival cyst, as well were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Radicular cyst and dentigerous cyst are the most prevalent odontogenic cyst in this Mexican sample. Due to their etiology, dental pulpar necrosis and impacted teeth, radicular cyst and dentigerous cyst could be prevenible. Therefore, it is necessary to establish preventive strategies to diminish dental decay and programs of prophylactic extractions of impacted teeth, to in consequence decrease the prevalence of odontogenic cysts. Key words:Cyst, dentigerous cyst, mexican, odontogenic cyst, radicular cyst.

Dental extraction following zoledronate, induces osteonecrosis in rat´s jaw

BACKGROUND: Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (BRONJ) is clinically characterized by the presence of exposed bone in the oral cavity that persists for more than eight weeks. Previous attempts to establish an animal model have not sufficiently considered disease features. Our aim was to establish an inexpensive and replicable animal model that develops BRONJ in a short time. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: control and experimental. In the experimental group, we administered 0.06mg/kg intraperitoneal dose of zoledronic acid (ZA) 7 and 14 days prior to maxillary second molar extraction. At two, four and six weeks after tooth extraction, the animals were euthanized, and we dissected the maxilla following histological procedures. We stained serial slides with hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome. The samples were harvested for macroscopic, radiologic and histological evaluation of bone changes. RESULTS: At two weeks postextraction, we observed exposed necrotic bone in dental socket areas in experimental groups. Radiological analysis revealed osteolytic lesions accompanied by extensive destruction and sequestrum formation in the same group. Histological examination confirmed the absence of necrotic bone in control groups in contrast with the experimental groups. The percentage of empty lacunae and the number of osteoclasts and the necrotic bone area were significantly increased (p< 0.05) in the experimental groups. CONCLUSIONS: The animal model using ZA administration to prior dental extraction successfully mimicked human BRONJ lesions. Also, the model was easily replicated, inexpensive and showed different features than other previous BRONJ models

Impact of oral mucosa lesions on the quality of life related to oral health. An etiopathogenic study.

BACKGROUND: To assess the impact of oral mucosa lesions on quality of life related to oral health (QLROH) and additionally to establish whether the etiopathogenicy of oral lesion is associated to the degree of QLROH impact. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study performed on a non-probability sample of 247 consecutively patients attending the oral medicine and pathology clinic the Spanish version of Oral Health Impact Profile-49 questionnaire (OHIP-49-mx) was applied. Responses were recorded on Likert-type scale whose values ranged from 0 (never) to 4 (always). Values greater than the 50 percentile (median) were considered as indicative of poor quality of life. All patients were orally examined and diagnosed. In accordance to their etiopathogenicy 6 study groups were formed: 4 corresponded to MIND classification for diseases (Metabolic, Inflammatory, Neoplastic, and Development groups), with ≥2 diseases and no-lesion group. To identify possible differences of OHIP-49 values between study groups an ANOVA (one factor) parametric and a chi square tests were performed (SPSS®20.0). RESULTS: The OHIP-49-mx values were higher than the 50 percentile (established at 39) in metabolic, inflammatory, development, and ≥2 diseases groups, suggesting that this type of oral lesions negatively impact the quality of life. ≥2 diseasesgroup followed by metabolic and inflammatory diseases group (p 0.001) depicted worst quality of life. Functional limitation (p 0.003), pain, physical inability (p 0.001) and psychological disabilities dimensions exhibited greater values in all groups. CONCLUSIONS: Injured oral mucosa negatively impacts quality of life, specifically functional limitation, physical inability and psychological disabilities could lead to social isolation.To our knowledge, this is the first time that an association between QLROH and the etiopathogenicy of oral mucosal diseases is established.

Curetaje apical y obturación retrógrada sin apicectomía: Presentación de un caso clínico / Apical curettage and retrograde obturation without apicoectomy: Clinical case presentation

El curetaje apical con apicectomía forma parte del procedimiento quirúrgico endodóntico. Tiene la finalidad de remover el contenido presente en el interior de la cavidad quirúrgica, como tejido de granulación, restos de membrana quística, cuerpos extraños y eliminar el ápice dental involucrado. Sin embargo, en determinados casos el realizar una apicectomía puede influir en la estabilidad de la restauración en donde la alternativa del tratamiento pudiera ser un curetaje apical sin apicectomía. En este artículo se presenta un caso clínico donde se realizó un curetaje apical y obturación retrógrada con cemento agregado trióxido mineral en un diente con fracaso de un tratamiento endodóntico convencional.

Apical curettage with apicoectomy is a component of many endodontic surgical procedures. It purports the aim of removing any contents present inside the surgical cavity, such as granulation tissue, cystic membrane remnants, or foreign bodies, as well as removing the involved dental apex. Nevertheless, in some cases, performing an apicoectomy can negatively influence the restoration's stability; in these cases an alternative treatment could be performing apical curettage without apicoectomy. The present article documents a clinical case where apical curettage and retrograde obturation with mineral trioxide aggregate cement were performed on a tooth where previous conventional endodontic treatment had failed.

Sialolipoma of minor salivary glands: presentation of five cases and review of the literature with an epidemiological analyze.

UNLABELLED: Sialolipoma is rare benign neoplasm arise from salivary glands (majors and minors) characterized by neoplastic adipose tissue with scattered non-neoplastic salivary gland acinus. To date 60 cases (including 5 cases reported in the present paper) have been reported in scientific literature. This article presents 5 new cases of sialolipoma affecting minor salivary glands (MiSG) and additionally reviews and analyzes the previously published cases to assess possible demographical differences between sialolipoma from minor and from major salivary glands. CASE REPORTS: 5 cases (3 females; 2 males; age means 63.8 years), of sialolipoma from MiSG, are reported. 2 of them were located in buccal mucosa, 1 in upper lip mucosa, 1 in floor of the mouth and 1 in retromolar area. All tumors were composed by neoplastic adipocytes cells interlaced with normal salivary gland acinus cover it by a fibrous tissue capsule. Analyzes of literature showed that MiSG sialolipoma is most frequent in females over 60 years old, therefore and in conclusion this article assess different demographical profile of sialolipoma in respect to their topography.

Prevalence of oral candidiasis in HIV/AIDS children in highly active antiretroviral therapy era. A literature analysis.

SummaryHighly active antiretroviral therapy has decreased the morbidity and mortality related to HIV infection, including oral opportunistic infections. This paper offers an analysis of the scientific literature on the epidemiological aspects of oral candidiasis in HIV-positive children in the combination antiretroviral therapy era. An electronic databases search was made covering the highly active antiretroviral therapy era (1998 onwards). The terms used were oral lesions, oral candidiasis and their combination with highly active antiretroviral therapy and HIV/AIDS children. The following data were collected from each paper: year and country in which the investigation was conducted, antiretroviral treatment, oral candidiasis prevalence and diagnostic parameters (clinical or microbiological). Prevalence of oral candidiasis varied from 2.9% in American HIV-positive children undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy to 88% in Chilean HIV-positive children without antiretroviral therapy. With respect to geographical location and antiretroviral treatment, higher oral candidiasis prevalence in HIV-positive children on combination antiretroviral therapy/antiretroviral therapy was reported in African children (79.1%) followed by 45.9% reported in Hindu children. In HIV-positive Chilean children on no antiretroviral therapy, high oral candidiasis prevalence was reported (88%) followed by Nigerian children (80%). Oral candidiasis is still frequent in HIV-positive children in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era irrespective of geographical location, race and use of antiretroviral therapy.

Tumor de Warthin: Una experiencia del Hospital «General Calixto García¼. La Habana, Cuba / Warthin's tumor: An experience of the General Hospital «Calixto García¼. Havana, Cuba

Antecedentes: El tumor de Warthin -tumor benigno de glándulas salivales- fue reportado por primera vez en 1895 por Hildebrand y posteriormente en 1929 Warthin lo describió ampliamente. Es la segunda neoplasia más frecuente de las glándulas salivales, representando el 10% de todos los tumores de glándulas salivales. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de tumores de glándulas salivales del Departamento de Anatomía Patológica del Hospital «Calixto García¼ de La Habana, Cuba, durante el periodo de enero del 2001 a diciembre del 2008. Los casos fueron rediagnosticados por dos expertos en patología bucal, basados en los criterios diagnósticos propuestos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud en el 2005. Resultados: De 159 casos, 113 (71.1%) fueron tumores benignos (48 hombres, 65 mujeres; promedio de edad 50.8 [± 15], rango de edad 20-80 años). El tumor más frecuente fue el adenoma pleomorfo con 77 casos (68.1%), seguido del tumor de Warthin con 33 casos, que constituyen el 20.7% del total de tumores de glándulas salivales incluidos y el 29.2% del total de los tumores benignos. Conclusiones: En nuestro estudio la proporción del tumor de Warthin está dentro de las más altas, acorde a lo reportado en la literatura de los últimos años.

Background: Warthin's tumor, a benign tumor of the salivary glands, was first described by Dr. Hildrebrand in 1896. It was later extensively described by Dr. Warthin in 1929. It represents the second most frequent neoplasia found in the salivary glands. It constitutes 10% of all salivary glands tumors. Methods: A salivary gland retrospective study was conducted at the Pathological Anatomy Department of the «Calixto García¼ Hospital in Havana, Cuba. The study was conducted in the period comprised between January 2001 and December 2008. Two oral pathology experts re-diagnosed the cases following diagnostic criteria proposed in 2005 by the World Health Organization (WHO). Results: Out of 159 studied cases, 113 (71.1%) were benign tumors (48 male patients, 65 female, average age 50.8 [± 15], age range 20-80 years). Most frequently found tumor was pleomorphic adenoma, which counted 77 cases (68.1%) followed by Warthin's tumor with 33 cases (20.7%) of all included salivary glands tumors and 29.2% of benign tumors. Conclusions: The present study revealed the fact that Warthin's tumor proportion is among the highest reported in recent years in scientific literature.

Ensayo de formación y cuantificación de biopelículas mixtas de Candida albicans y Staphylococcus aureus / Formation and quantification assay of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus mixed biofilm

En el presente estudio se cuantificó la producción de biopelículas individuales y mixtas de Candida albicans y Staphylococcus aureus para determinar si dichas biopelículas mixtas se favorecen sinérgicamente. Los ensayos se realizaron utilizando placas de microtitulación de poliestireno de 96 pocillos de fondo plano, se determinó la actividad metabólica de las células en la biopelícula por medio de la reducción enzimática de una sal de tetrazolio (XTT) a través de los cambios colorimétricos que fueron medidos a 490nm. Para visualizar las biopelículas de cada microorganismo y su cinética de crecimiento se utilizo microscopia láser confocal. La mayor formación de biopelícula se observó en las biopelículas mixtas, seguida de las de Candida albicans y, por último, la menor producción la obtuvo Staphylococcus aureus, lo cual nos sugiere la presencia de una relación sinérgica entre los microorganismos ensayados(AU)

This study quantifies the production of single and mixed biofilms of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus to determine if such mixed biofilms have synergistic effects. Assays were performed using polystyrene microtitre plates of 96 wells, metabolic activity was measured by the enzymatic reduction of a tetrazolium salt (XTT) and colorimetric changes were measured at 490nm. Confocal scanning laser microscopy was used to visualise the biofilms of each microorganism and its growth kinetics. The highest levels of biofilm formation were observed in mixed biofilms, followed by those of Candida albicans only, with the lowest levels of biofilm formation being detected for Staphylococcus aureus; all together these results suggest a synergistic relationship between the tested microorganisms(AU)

[Formation and quantification assay of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus mixed biofilm]. / Ensayo de formación y cuantificación de biopelículas mixtas de Candida albicans y Staphylococcus aureus.

This study quantifies the production of single and mixed biofilms of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus to determine if such mixed biofilms have synergistic effects. Assays were performed using polystyrene microtitre plates of 96 wells, metabolic activity was measured by the enzymatic reduction of a tetrazolium salt (XTT) and colorimetric changes were measured at 490 nm. Confocal scanning laser microscopy was used to visualise the biofilms of each microorganism and its growth kinetics. The highest levels of biofilm formation were observed in mixed biofilms, followed by those of Candida albicans only, with the lowest levels of biofilm formation being detected for Staphylococcus aureus; all together these results suggest a synergistic relationship between the tested microorganisms.

[Oral Candida in Mexican children with malnutrition, social marginalization, or HIV/AIDS]. / Candida bucal en niños mexicanos con VIH/sida, desnutrición o marginación social.

OBJECTIVE: Determine the frequency of candida in the oral cavity of children with a risk of developing opportunistic infections, and establish if there is an association between the frequency of this oral colonization and three categories of at-risk populations. METHODS: Four infant population groups in Mexico were studied: an HIV/AIDS group undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy (35 girls and 25 boys); a malnourished group (26 girls and 29 boys); a group from the Tarahumara indigenous people, one of the poorest ethnic populations in the country (37 girls and 20 boys); and a control group (8 girls and 21 boys in apparently good health). The children with HIV/AIDS were immunologically and virologically classified according to the EC Clearinghouse criteria, while malnutrition was determined through the World Health Organization's weight/height index. A sample of oral mucosa was taken with a sterile swab, which was incubated in Sabouraud dextrose agar and in Candida CHROMagar®. The species of candida were confirmed through the API ID32C test. RESULTS: The HIV/AIDS and malnutrition groups showed the higher frequency of Candida spps (51.7% and 38.2%, respectively), while the frequency level in the Tarahumara group was similar to that of the control group (17.5% versus 10.3%). With regard to the species of candida, the malnutrition group had the greatest diversity: C. albicans, C. tropical, C. krusei, and C. glabrata. CONCLUSIONS: The children with HIV/AIDS and malnutrition require strategies designed to reduce oral candidal colonization and reduce the risk of opportunistic infections.

Tumors of the salivary gland in Mexicans. A retrospective study of 360 cases

Objective: To establish distribution frequency and demographic characteristics of salivary gland tumours (SGT)in order to identify possible risk profiles. Design of study: The present report constitutes an eight year retrospective study (January 2000-August 2007). The archives of the Clinical and Experimental Pathology Laboratory (Graduate and Research Division, Dental School, National Autonomous University of Mexico) as well as archives of the Surgical Pathology Service (General Hospital, Mexico City) were subject to revision in order to select all cases where SGT tumour diagnoses were emitted. Age and gender of patients as well as SGT topography were obtained from medical records. Selected cases were classified according to location of the lesion, histological lineage and biological behaviour. Results: 360 cases of SGT were included, 227 (67%) cases were benign tumours, while 83 cases (23%) were malignant tumours. SGT were most frequent in women with ages ranging from their 3rd to 5th decades of life.275 tumours were located in major salivary glands, 78.9% of them were identified in the parotid gland. The most frequent location of tumours arising from minor salivary glands (33 cases, 38%) was found in the palatine glands. Tumours of epithelial lineage were the predominant histological type. The most frequent benign tumours were pleomorphic adenomas (86.1%) and papillary cyst adenoma lymphomatosum (7.3%). The most frequent malignant tumours were adenoid cystic carcinomas (25%) and mucoepidermoid carcinomas (23.6%) (AU)